It’s good to see American director, Jane Campion, back in the news.
We just happened to catch one of her earlier films a few weeks back, An Angel At My Table, based on the autobiographies of New Zealand writer Janet Frame.
It was great to watch the film again; I got more out of it this time around, too: Kerry Fox is really very good in the main role.
And so I went to the autobiographies.
To the Is-Land (1982); An Angel at My Table (1984); The Envoy from Mirror-City (1985)
There are so many surprises and enlightening episodes and events. Her writing is very even-handed, even though she had every reason to not be so. She casts no blame, partly because her life, like everyone’s is a steady revelation of meaning, realisation. And also, I suspect, because of the counselling she received.
One of the first things surprised me was the difference between the South and North island of New Zealand. Following eight years of hospital treatment she travelled to Auckland, to stay with her married youngest sister and family. The air, she found, seemed more temperate, the flora more lush, almost tropical, brighter colours, different flowers, plants.
Away from the snow melt of the Lord-of-the-Rings mountains of South island, and also being that little bit nearer to the equator, made a lot of difference.
We only meet one Australian in the books, and then only in passing, as passenger on the sea journey to England.
The family background is intriguing, as well as tragic. Her mother had cleaned for the writer Katherine Mansfield’s family.
Of the five children, the eldest, ‘Bruddie’, developed epilepsy; the next, Myrtle, drowned in the local swimming pool; Janet went through eight years of mental health hospitals; lively, vibrant Isabel developed heart trouble and also drowned… only the youngest, June, came through relatively unscathed.
It was suggested that ‘Bruddie’ be taken to Seacliffe, the mental health hospital – that is how epilepsy was seen and treated in those years. Her mother swore no child of hers would go there. She cared for him at home.
When Janet was to be taken to Seacliffe, her mother signed the papers.
How is one to take this, she asked, in the autobiography.
The diagnosis was schizophrenia.
There’s a new electrical treatment, she heard at one point. It was ECT; she went through about two hundred of these ‘treatments’.
Later, another new treatment came forward: Leucotomy, or as we now know it lobotomy. And she was on the list.
It was only by winning a prize for her short stories The Lagoon and other stories, and mentioned in the newspaper review, that she was saved that fate, and later released.
One associate, Nola, had not such luck. Janet Frame wrote to her often, and she was in and out of hospitals all her life.
It’s the dependency upon other’s judgements, decisions, that is so disabling, reducing, negating. This is especially so for women, the never-ending centuries of subjection
Her mother died: Her life was awful, she said, and her sister agreed. She had no life of her own, or the one she did have she sank into her Christadelphian beliefs.
She wrote The well-meaning consideration of my family served to emphasise and increase the separation I felt from them.
‘You are the unmarried daughter. Your duty is to look after your father now.’
Other’s expectations… even one’s own expectations… can be destructive.
It was in Auckland that she met Frank Sargeson, a successful New Zealand writer, living in his little isolated island of art. She stayed there… eighteen months? Writing her first book, Owls Do Cry; and it was accepted for publication, and published in New Zealand.
Frank’s own books were out of print by then, a horrible fate for a living writer.
Coming out of the mental health system, where the emphasis was on non-communication between staff and in-patients, no newspapers, no stimulation, and observation of rules, order, regulated time. It was an experience she described as a steady diminishment of one’s personality.
With Frank Sargeson she then found herself in a caring, considerate environment.
The problem there was, as nurturing as he was, his interest was other men, and constantly disparaged her woman’s body. From one area of negation, to another.
He did have connections, though.
On the strength of her novel she applied for a travel grant ‘to broaden one’s life experience’, and was awarded what was then a reasonable amount of money: three hundred pounds sterling.
She travelled to England, by boat: she was not a good sailor.
She was determined to go to Spain – Ibiza was the place to live cheaply, so she stayed there about eighteen months.
Poverty was a trap; there was no way out for the local people, except tourism, a hate-relationship but necessary. She identified more readily with the poor, that was her background, her experience.
Aged thirty-two, and then her first love affair! And a pregnancy. Money was running out, and so Andorra was recommended, the exchange rate more amenable. And almost trapped into marriage with a local smuggler. Then losing the baby.
Back in London she was to fall into another redundant relationship: poor, dull, unimaginative, and thinking he was looking out for her – but he was forcing her into corners.
She had to look for work, and her situation became untenable.
A previous medic recommended her contact the Maudsley Hospital when in London. She did, and they took her in observation. ‘You never had schizophrenia.’ they said. ‘What you are going through now is the result of eight years of hospitalisations.’
She loved London, though: the early nineteen sixties, all the new life, the French New Wave writers, the American Beat writers, West Indian literature appearing. She witnessed the growth of CND, the Aldermaston Marches https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermaston_Marches
She loved being anonymous but a part of the multitudinous life.
She wrote, and published. One review wrote This must be the worst book, whilst another said of the same book, This book could well be a work of genius.
What do you do with that disparity?
You have to come to some accommodation, and it has to be one’s own.
She was healing, she was growing stronger.
She changed her name to Nene Janet Paterson Clutha …in part to recognise Māori leader Tamati Waka Nene, whom she admired (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Frame).
This is the only Maori reference I am aware of.
And then her father died. And she returned to New Zealand, still a bad sailor.
But the legacy had to be sorted, the meagre belongings.
She loved London, but was glad to return to New Zealand.
Beware, the London doctor said, They might not accept our diagnosis.
Her appreciation of the neglect of women’s lives comes through in the autobiographies.
She could spot desperation in all its forms, it was something that affects everyone, but especially women denied prospects, lives, education.
We may think that is all being solved now but, well, it isn’t, and there’s nothing to stop any improvements being turned around tomorrow.
We are so vulnerable – to economic constraints, to market forces, to prices shooting up beyond control: heating, basic foodstuffs, energy, petrol. And the ones who bear the brunt of this are the poor and women, because they have no protection in society.
The poor are always with us, and especially the ones who cannot, do not know how to, fend for themselves.
I would love to know what happened next; how she lived. Her New Zealand celebrity status protected her somewhat, but could also ensnare.
But take a look at the prizes she had won in her lifetime!
1951: Hubert Church Prose Award (The Lagoon and other Stories)
· 1956: New Zealand Literary Fund Grant
· 1958: New Zealand Literary Fund Award for Achievement (Owls Do Cry)
· 1964: Hubert Church Prose Award (Scented Gardens for the Blind); New Zealand Literary Fund Scholarship in Letters.
· 1965: Robert Burns Fellowship, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
· 1967: “Buckland Literary Award.” (The Reservoir and Other Stories/A State of Siege)
· 1969: New Zealand Literary Fund Award (The Pocket Mirror: Poems)
· 1971: Buckland Literary Award (Intensive Care); Hubert Church Prose Award. (Intensive Care)
· 1972: President of Honour: P.E.N. International New Zealand Centre, Wellington, NZ
· 1973: James Wattie Book of the Year Award (Daughter Buffalo)
· 1974: Hubert Church Prose Award (Daughter Buffalo); Winn-Manson Menton Fellowship.
· 1978: Honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt. Honoris Causa) University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
· 1979: Buckland Literary Award (Living in the Maniototo)
· 1980: New Zealand Book Award for Fiction (Living in the Maniototo)
· 1983: Buckland Literary Award; Sir James Wattie Book of the Year Award (To the Is-Land); C.B.E. (Commander, Order of the British Empire)
· 1984: Frank Sargeson Fellowship, University of Auckland, NZ
· 1984: New Zealand Book Award for Non-Fiction (An Angel at My Table); Sir James Wattie Book of the Year Award (An Angel at My Table); Turnovsky Prize for Outstanding Achievement in the Arts
· 1985: Sir James Wattie Book of the Year Award (The Envoy from Mirror City)
· 1986: New Zealand Book Award for Non-Fiction (The Envoy from Mirror City); Honorary Foreign Member: The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters
· 1989: Ansett New Zealand Book Award for Fiction; Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book (The Carpathians)
· 1990: O.N.Z. (Member, Order of New Zealand)
· 1992: Honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.), University of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ
· 1994: Massey University Medal, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ
· 2003: Arts Foundation of New Zealand Icon Award; New Zealand Prime Minister’s Award for Literary Achievement[77]
· 2007: Montana Book Award for Poetry (The Goose Bath)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Frame
One of her family homes on South Island was bought and restored by a group of supporters, and it is now open for visitors, a tourist spot:
https://jfestrust.org.nz
Janet Frame House
Next, of course, is to read the books.
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